Artificial Mussels Impact

Artificial Mussels(AMs)

Global map of the sites / countries

Red dots: AM 1.0 deployments | Blue dots: AM 2.0 deployments

Organizations Using AMs

1. Research Institutions

  • Hong Kong SAR
    • City University of Hong Kong (CityUHK)
    • The Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK)
    • University of Hong Kong (HKU)
  • Australia
    • RMIT University (Melbourne)
    • Goulburn-Murray Rural Water Corporation (G-MW)
    • Victoria Department of Primary Industries (DPI)
  • South Africa
    • North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus)
    • University of Johannesburg
    • University of Venda
    • Stellenbosch University
  • Europe
    • University of Glasgow (Scotland)
    • University of Iceland (Iceland)
    • University of Algarve (Portugal)
    • University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany)
  • Asia (Others)
    • Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (Korea)
    • Seoul National University (South Korea)
    • Xiamen University (China)
    • Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University (Turkey)
    • Muǧla Sitki Koçman University (Turkey)
    • Bangladesh Agricultural University (Bangladesh)
    • University of Chittagong (Bangladesh)
  • Americas
    • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)

2. Government Agencies & Official Monitoring Programs

  • Hong Kong SAR
    • Environmental Protection Department (EPD)
  • Australia
    • Goulburn Murray Water (GMW)
    • Environmental Protection Authority Victoria
    • Melbourne Water
    • North Central Catchment Management Authority (NCCMA)
  • Bangladesh
    • Department of Environment (DoE)
    • Bangladesh Water Development Board
    • Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystems (BOBLME) Project
  • South Africa
    • Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS)
    • Department of Water Affairs and Environmental
  • Europe
    • Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Greece)
  • America
    • The Illinois Valley Soil and Water Conservation District (US)

3. International Organizations & Networks

  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) / United Nations
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
  • World Harbour Project
  • Global Estuaries Monitoring (GEM) Programme

Publications that used the AMs

Standard Operation Procedure

  • Hossain, M. M., Kibria, G., Nugegoda, D., Lau, T. C., & Wu, R. (2015). A training manual for assessing pollution trace heavy metals in rivers, estuaries and coastal waters using innovative artificial mussel AM technology – Bangladesh model. Research collaboration between the Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries (IMSF), University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, RMIT University, Australia, City University of Hong Kong, and The University of Hong Kong. BOBLME-2015-Ecology-26.
  • Kibria, G., Rose, G., Lau, T. C., & Wu, R. (2012). A training manual for deployment, retrieval and handling of innovative artificial mussel passive samplers for trace metals monitoring in rivers, creeks and channels – Australian model. Goulburn Murray Rural Water Corporation, City University of Hong Kong, and The University of Hong Kong. G-MW Docs 3316583.
  • Kibria, G., Rose, G., Lau, T. C., Lung, C. Y. K., Chan, A. K. Y., & Wu, R. (2010). Monitoring heavy metals in Goulburn-Murray waterways using passive sampling with artificial mussels: AM pilot study trial of AM technology. Report prepared under a research collaboration agreement between Goulburn Murray Rural Water Corporation, Tatura, Australia, the City University of Hong Kong, the University of Hong Kong, and the Department of Primary Industries, Werribee, Victoria, Australia. G-MW Docs 2806033. ISBN 978-1-876356-19-4.

Artificial Mussel Literature

  • Mallick, D., Kibria, G., Hossain, M. M. M., Lau, T. C., & Wu, R. (2024). A first field evaluation of heavy metals uptake by innovative artificial mussel (AM) technology versus live mussel (LM) from inshore of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 69, 103337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.103337
  • Yang, Y., Chow, T. W. S., Zhang, Y. Q., Yu, P. K. N., Ko, C. C., & Wu, R. S. S. (2023). Artificial Mussels: A New Tool for Monitoring Radionuclides in Aquatic Environments. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(7), 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071309
  • Kibria, G., Stark, R., Nugegoda, D., Wu, R. (2022). Replacing the use of live mussels with artificial mussels to monitor heavy metals in freshwater systems. Marine and Freshwater Research. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14486563.2022.2151521
  • Labuschagne, M., Zimmermann, S., Smit, N. J., Erasmus, J. H., Nachev, M., Sures, B., & Wepener, V. (2021). Laboratory and field studies on the use of artificial mussels as a monitoring tool of platinum exposure in the freshwater environment. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33(16), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00461-7
  • Shen, H., Kibria, G., Wu, R. S. S., Morrison, P., & Nugegoda, D. (2020). Spatial and temporal variations of trace metal body burdens of live mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and field validation of the Artificial Mussels in Australian inshore marine environment. Chemosphere, 239, 126004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126004
  • Labuschagne, M., Wepener, V., Nachev, M., Zimmermann, S., Sures, B., & Smit, N. J. (2020). The Application of Artificial Mussels in Conjunction with Transplanted Bivalves to Assess Elemental Exposure in a Platinum Mining Area. Water, 12(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010032
  • Ruiz-Fernández, A. C., Wu, R. S. S., Lau, T. C., Pérez-Bernal, L. H., Sánchez-Cabeza, J. A., & Chiu, J. M. Y. (2018). A comparative study on metal contamination in Estero de Urias lagoon, Gulf of California, using oysters, mussels and artificial mussels. Environmental Pollution, 243, 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.047
  • Genç, T. O., Po, B. H. K., Yılmaz, F., Lau, T. C., Wu, R. S. S., & Chiu, J. M. Y. (2018). Differences in metal profiles revealed by native mussels and artificial mussels in Sarıçay Stream, Turkey: Implications for pollution monitoring. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69(9), 1372–1378. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF17293
  • Dahms-Verster, S., Baker, N. J., & Greenfield, R. (2017). A multivariate examination of ‘artificial mussels’ in conjunction with spot water tests in freshwater ecosystems. Water SA, 43(2), e0043655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6764-6
  • Claassens, L., Dahms, S., van Vuren, J. H. J., & Greenfield, R. (2016). Artificial mussels as indicators of metal pollution in freshwater systems: A field evaluation in the Koekemoer Spruit, South Africa. Ecological Indicators, 60, 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.047
  • Kibria, G., Hossain, M. M., Mallick, D., Lau, T. C., & Wu, R. S. S. (2016). Trace/heavy metal pollution monitoring in estuary and coastal area of Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and implicated impacts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 102(1–2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.021
  • Kibria, G., Hossain, M. M., Mallick, D., Lau, T. C., & Wu, R. S. S. (2016). Monitoring of metal pollution in waterways across Bangladesh and ecological and public health implications of pollution. Chemosphere, 165, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.121
  • Degger, N., Chiu, J. M. Y., Po, B. H. K., Tse, A. C. K., Zheng, G. J., Zhao, D. M., Xu, D., & Wu, R. S. S. (2016). Heavy metal contamination along the China coastline: A comprehensive study using Artificial Mussels and native mussels. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 48, 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.008
  • Ra, K., Kim, J.-K., Lee, J.-S., Kim, Y.-M., Kang, Y.-J., & Kim, S.-G. (2014). Application of the Artificial Mussel for Monitoring Heavy Metal Levels in Seawater of the Coastal Environments, Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety, 17(2), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.7846/jkosmee.2014.17.2.131
  • Kibria, G., Lau, T. C., & Wu, R. S. S. (2012). Innovative ‘Artificial Mussels’ technology for assessing spatial and temporal distribution of metals in Goulburn-Murray catchments waterways, Victoria, Australia: Effects of climate variability (dry vs. wet years). Environment International, 50, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.006
  • Degger, N., Wepener, V., Richardson, B. J., & Wu, R. S. S. (2011). Application of artificial mussels (AMs) under South African marine conditions: A validation study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 63(5–12), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.040
  • Gonzalez-Rey, M., Lau, T. C., Gomes, T., Maria, V. L., Bebianno, M. J., & Wu, R. (2011). Comparison of metal accumulation between ‘Artificial Mussel’ and natural mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in marine environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 63(5–12), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.12.007
  • Leung, K. M. Y., Furness, R. W., Svavarsson, J., Lau, T. C., & Wu, R. S. S. (2008). Field validation, in Scotland and Iceland, of the artificial mussel for monitoring trace metals in temperate seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 57(6–12), 790–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.01.033
  • Wu, R. S. S., Lau, T. C., Fung, W. K. M., Ko, P. H., & Leung, K. M. Y. (2007). An ‘artificial mussel’ for monitoring heavy metals in marine environments. Environmental Pollution, 145(1), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.053

Publicity Materials

Item Date Name of Media Title Type Link
1 2/11/2025 RTHK Radio 1 太陽底下新鮮事 – 專題訪問：胡紹燊教授 Radio Interview View
2 9/9/2024 Meet Japan (日本) How NerOcean’s Artificial Mussels Protect Our Oceans Print Article View
3 18/8/2024 Metro Radio (新城財經台) 政經大灣區 – HK Tech 300 初創之路 NerOcean Radio Interview View
4 18/08/2024 NowTV 碳中和 綠色初創 TV Program View
5 1/8/2024 Master Insight 人工青口：監測海洋污染的新技術 Online Magazine View
619/10/2023Master Insight教大38學者榮膺全球首2%科學家 「樹博士」詹志勇列全球第一Online MagazineView
73/9/2023RTHK (香港電台)太陽底下新鮮事 可以檢測核污水的人造青口Radio/TV ProgramView
YouTube
83/9/2023鳳凰衛視 (Phoenix TV)華聞大直播 港專家：「氚」排海後危害深遠 日本欲誤導群眾TV ProgramView
924/08/2023鳳凰衛視 (Phoenix TV)正點播報 記者連線｜港府持續監察日本福島進口水產和農產品TV NewsView
1024/08/2023RTHK (香港電台)Backchat – Fukushima wastewater releaseRadio ProgramView
1123/08/2023China.org.cnArtificial mussels’ offer low-cost solution to nuke pollution monitoringOnline NewsView
129/7/2023Dimsum DailyArtificial mussels provide low-cost solution for monitoring radioactive pollutionOnline NewsView
139/7/2023大紀元時報 (Epoch Times HK)港3間大學研發人工青口 助長期監測海洋核污染Online NewsView
145/7/2023澳門日報 (Macao Daily)三大學研「人工青口」測海洋核污染Print ArticleView
155/7/2023星島日報 (Sing Tao Daily)港3大學研人工青口測海水放射物Print ArticleView
165/7/2023經濟日報 (HKEJ)「人工青口」助監測海洋核污染Print ArticleView
175/7/2023東方日報 (Oriental Daily)監測海洋核污染 $8人工青口平快準Print ArticleView
185/7/2023明報 (Ming Pao)3大學研「人工青口」 低成本測海水核污染Print ArticleView
195/7/2023大公報 (Ta Kung Pao)香港研發「人工青口」 監測核污水Print ArticleView
205/7/2023大紀元時報 (Epoch Times)Hong Kong Develops ‘Artificial Mussels’ for Monitoring Oceanic Nuclear PollutionOnline NewsView
224/7/2023商業電台 (Commercial Radio)三大學研人工青口監測核污水 成本較低準確度較高Radio NewsView
234/7/2023有線新聞 (i-Cable News)三間大學共同研發「人工青口」 監測海水放射性物質含量 每個成本一美元TV NewsView
244/7/2023香港中通社 (HKCNA)香港三間大學研發「人工青口」監測海水核污染Online NewsView
254/7/2023巴士的報 (Bastille Post)本港大學研究發現以人工青口監測海水放射性物質含量Online NewsView
264/7/2023中國青年網 (China Youth)香港研發「人工青口」監測海水核污染Online NewsView
274/7/2023中國新聞社 (China News Service)香港研究發現”人工青口”可用於監測海水中放射物含量Online NewsView
284/7/2023點新聞 (DotDotNews)本港三間大學研發「人工青口」 助監測海洋污染程度Online NewsView
294/7/2023香港01 (HK01)人工青口檢測海水污染　科研人員：核廢料暴露時間愈長毒性愈高Online NewsView
304/7/2023Now新聞 (NowTV)三間大學研發「人工青口」能監測海洋核污染TV NewsView
314/7/2023On.cc東網 (On.cc)三大學共同研發「人工青口」 監測海水放射性物質含量Online NewsView
324/7/2023TVB News教大夥城大及港大研究藉人工青口儀器 監測海水放射物質含量TV NewsView
334/7/2023巴士的報 (Bastille Post)三大學聯合研究以人工青口監測海水放射性物質含量Online NewsView
344/7/2023Yahoo News Hong Kong監測海洋核污染$8人工青口平快準Online NewsView
354/7/2023Bilibili人工青口監測核污染 (Video Content)Video PlatformView
363/7/2023TVB News本港三間大學共同研究藉人工青口測海水核污染物 冀大規模應用於海水監測TV NewsView
373/7/2023AM7303本地大學研發人工青口測海水放射物 成本僅8元冀助監測全球海洋核污染Online NewsView
383/7/2023香港經濟時報 (HKET Print)本港3大學研改良「人工青口」 高效測海洋核污Print ArticleView
393/7/2023星島日報加拿大 (Sing Tao Canada)教大跨院校團隊研發人工青口監測海水放射物 成本大降適合長期檢測Online NewsView
403/7/2023獅子山報 (Lion Rock Daily)三大學聯合研人工青口 可監測海水核污染Print ArticleView
413/7/2023紫荊日報 (Bauhinia Magazine)港三大學研發「人工青口」 助監測海洋核污染Print ArticleView
423/7/2023South China Morning Post (SCMP)Hong Kong scientists flex technological ‘mussels’Print/OnlineView
433/7/2023Yahoo News HK港大-人工青口-助改善外國水質Online NewsView
443/7/2023香港經濟時報 (HKET Online)【環境污染】本港3大學研改良「人工青口」測海洋核污染　料將於台灣海峽應用Online NewsView
4519/6/2023中央廣播電視總台 (CCTV)大灣區之聲 (Voice of the Greater Bay Area)Radio BroadcastView

National Security Gallery with AMs and the visitor statistics

  • 2025/7/12 RTHK國家安全展覽廳參觀人數破100萬　繼續搜羅展品擴大展廳面積
    https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1813072-20250712.htm
  • “國家安全展覽廳自去年8月開幕，迎來第100萬名參觀者，參觀者是一個小學生團體。維護國家安全委員會秘書長區志光在頒獎儀式致辭時説，國家安全展覽廳是香港首個國家安全教育基地，突破100萬名參觀者是重要里程碑。…”

Awards

Item Date Award Name Project Award Details Organizer
1 7/11/2025 EPIC 2025 Grand Finale Artificial Mussels – Passive smart monitoring device Top 100 Semi-Finalist (Grand Finale Week, 3–7 Nov 2025) HKSTP (Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks)
2 25/08/2025 Hong Kong•INNO:Dus Recognition Program Artificial Mussels – Passive smart monitoring device Certificate of Commendation Hong Kong Technology Advancement Group (HKtag)
3 23/01/2025 HKMA/HKT Global Innovation Awards 2024/25 Artificial Mussels: Non-invasive monitoring device for heavy metals and radionuclides (a) Alibaba Cloud Silver Award (Rising Stars)

(b) Prudential Hong Kong Excellence in Social Impact Innovation (Rising Stars) 		Hong Kong Management Association / HKT
4 6/5/2025 ESG Xchange 2025 Artificial Mussels 2nd Runner-up World Green Organization
5 5/11/2025 Climate Action Award Artificial Mussels Climate Action Rising Star Award World Green Organization
6 5/12/2025 AEII HK 2024 (4th Asia Exhibition of Innovations and Inventions) New Non-invasive Monitoring Tool – Artificial Mussels – for Heavy Metals and Radionuclides Gold Medal Asia Exhibition of Innovations and Inventions Hong Kong
7 31/8/2024 iCAN 2024 (International Invention Innovation Competition) Artificial Mussel: A Novel Device for Monitoring Heavy Metals and Radionuclides (a) Gold Medal

(b) Top 20 Best Invention Award 		iCAN (Toronto, Canada)
8 24/6/2024 Start-up Express 2024 Artificial Mussels Top 20 Finalist Hong Kong
9 24/4/2024 IEIG 2024 (49th International Exhibition of Inventions Geneva) Artificial Mussels: New Universal Tool for Monitoring Heavy Metals and Radionuclides Silver Medal International Exhibition of Inventions Geneva

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